Hookworms

Animals may become infected with hookworms by four routes: orally, through the skin, through the mother’s placenta and through the mother’s milk. The oral and transcolostral (through the mother’s milk) routes are the most common. The latter is of particular importance for puppies and kittens.

It is important to note that if a pregnant animal has hookworms, the pregnancy may reactivate larvae. These larvae will enter the female’s circulation and pass to the young through the placental blood flow.

Clinical Signs

Hookworms received their name because of the characteristic hook-like mouthparts that they use to attach to the lining of the intestinal wall. Because they are very small (about 1/8” in diameter), you have to be looking very carefully to see the adult worm. Despite this, they are one of the most pathogenic worms found in dogs and cats because they suck blood from the tiny vessels in the intestinal wall. A large number of hookworms can cause anemia. This occurs especially in puppies/kittens, but it may even occur in some adults.

A blood transfusion may be needed in some animals because of the rather severe anemia that can be produced by hookworms. The presence of pale gums, weakness, and diarrhea (possibly with blood) might suggest the need to specifically determine the animal’s red blood cell count. Iron deficiency anemia secondary to hookworm infection can be a life-threatening problem for puppies and kittens.

Skin irritation and itching can be one of the common signs of a heavily infested environment. The larvae burrow into the skin and cause the animal a great deal of discomfort. The most common hookworm of dogs and cats does not appear to have this type of burrowing behavior.

Diagnosis

Finding hookworm eggs during microscopic examination of a stool sample is diagnostic for the parasite. Because eggs are produced on a daily basis, they are usually plentiful in number. The adult female hookworm is reported to produce as many as 20,000 eggs a day!

In puppies and kittens, adequate numbers of worms may not be present for production of ova. For this reason, fecal examination may be less reliable in puppies and kittens than in adults.

Treatment

There are a number of effective drugs that will kill hookworms. These are given by injection or orally and have few, if any, side effects. However, these drugs only kill the adult hookworms. Therefore, it is necessary to treat again in 3-4 weeks to kill any newly formed adult worms that were larvae at the time of the first treatment.

Since the animal’s environment can be laden with hookworm eggs and larvae, it may be necessary to treat it with a chemical to kill them.

Transmission to Humans

Adult hookworms do not infect humans internally. However, the larvae can burrow into human skin. This causes itching, commonly called “ground itch,” but the worms do not mature into adults. Direct contact of human skin to moist, hookworm infested soil is required. Fortunately, this does not occur very often if normal hygiene practices are observed.

In rare instances, the hookworm will penetrate into deeper tissues and partially mature in the human intestine. A few reports of hookworm enterocolitis (small and large intestinal inflammation) have surfaced in the recent past.

Prevention

1. All new puppies and kittens should be treated by 2-3 weeks of age. To effectively break the life cycle of the most common intestinal parasites, the pups/kittens should be dewormed on the schedule recommended by your veterinarian.
2. Prompt deworming should be given when parasites are detected; periodic deworming may be appropriate for pets at high risk for reinfection.
3. Prompt disposal of all pet feces, especially in yards, playgrounds, and public parks.
4. Strict hygiene is especially important for children. Do not allow children to play in potentially contaminated environments. Be mindful of the risk posed by public parks and non-covered sandboxes. Sandboxes that have fitted covers are popular and are recommended to prevent infection of children with intestinal parasites.
5. Nursing females should be treated concurrently with their pups; nursing may reactivate infection in the female.
6. Use of a preventive that contains medication for prevention/control of hookworms is advisable, this includes Heartguard, Sentinel and Revolution for cats.